Off-Shore Banking :
Off-shore banking refers to the international banking business involving non-resident foreign currency
denominated assets and liabilities. It refers to the banking operations that cover only non-residents and do not mix with domestic banking. An offshore banking center is a place where deliberate attempt is made to attract international banking by offering many concessions in the form of taxes and levies being imposed at lower rates or not being charged. A more important relaxation is the exemption of the offshore banks from restrictions on operations. Offshore banking units in these centers can carry on their activities of deposit taking and lending from/to international enterprises or investors without conflict with the domestic fiscal and monetary policies. In short, offshore banking is international banking kept separate from domestic banking coupled with free functioning.
Subordinate Debt
Debt having a claim against the issuer's assets that is lower ranking, or junior to, other obligations, and is
paid after claims to holders of senior securities are satisfied. Credit has differing levels of claim, depending on how a financing is structured; thus, an obligation can be senior to one claim, but subordinate to another. For example, a subordinated debenture is junior to a mortgage-backed bond, but has precedence over dividend payments to stockholders.
In the case of default, creditors with subordinated debt wouldn't get paid out until after the senior debtholders were paid in full. Therefore, subordinated debt is more risky than unsubordinated debt
Overdraft
The overdraft is a kind of advance always allowed on a current account operated upon by cheques. The customer may be sanctioned a certain limit upon which he can overdraw his current account within a stipulated period. Here, withdrawals or deposits can be made any number of times at the convenience of the borrower, provided the total amount overdrawn does not, at any time, exceed the agreed limit. Interest is calculated and charged only on the actual debit balances on daily product basis. Thus, the borrower in this case can save interest by reducing the debit balance.
Endorsement :
The signature of the payee or holder on the back of a cheque/draft is called an endorsement.
Kinds of Endorsement.
01. Blank endorsement
02. Full endorsement
03. Partial endorsement
04. Restrictive endorsement
05. Conditional endorsement
06. Endorsement Sans Recourse
07. Facultative endorsement
Convertible Bond
A bond that can be converted into a predetermined amount of the company's equity at certain times during
its life, usually at the discretion of the bondholder. Convertibles are sometimes called "CVs". Issuing convertible bonds is one way for a company to minimize negative investor interpretation of its
corporate actions. For example, if an already public company chooses to issue stock, the market usually interprets this as a sign that the company's share price is somewhat overvalued. To avoid this negative impression, the company may choose to issue convertible bonds, which bondholders will likely convert to equity anyway should the company continue to do well. From the investor's perspective, a convertible bond has a value-added component built into it; it is essentially a bond with a stock option hidden inside. Thus, it tends to offer a lower rate of return in exchange for the value of the option to trade the bond into stock.
Contingent Liabilities :
A liability may happen in due course; but not certain. Bank’s own ultimate responsibility/ commitment in a
financial transaction is its contingent liability i.e. a financial transaction of a bank that may fall back upon as its liability in due course is called Contingent Liability. Bank Guarantee and Letter of Credit etc. Contingent Liability.
A contingent liability is a likely or possible liability. These liabilities do not exist at the time of balance sheet but it may arise in future. It may arise on the occurrence of a particular event and turn out to be an actual liability. The total contingent liability e.g. liabilities in respect of guarantees given by the company or demand made by the government but disputed by the company in the Court. Contingent liabilities not being actual liabilities, are shown by way of a footnote in the balance sheet.