How customers' interests are protected by deposit insurance scheme

Deposit Insurance Systems (DIS): A sound, competitive banking system is important to a nation's economic strength. Every scheduled Bank plays an important role as the intermediation of funds from depositors to consumers and investors as well as in the transmission of monetary policy. So, public confidence in the banking sectors is very crucial. Deposit Insurance Systems (DIS) is the key element in maintaining confidence and promoting financial stability through increasing saving in the banking sectors.

Deposit Insurance Systems is a measure to protect bank depositors, in full or in part, from losses caused by a bank's inability to pay its debts when owing. Deposit Insurance Systems is one of the components of financial safety net that is meant to promote financial stability.

Deposit Insurance plays a key role in maintenance of financial stability by sustaining public confidence in the banking system through protecting depositors, especially small and less sophisticated depositors, against loss of deposit to a significant extent.

The Significant objectives of Deposit Insurance Systems in Bangladesh, like in all other countries, are a contribution to the overall financial stability. Moreover, the following are the special objectives of Deposit Insurance Systems in Bangladesh:

·        Protect small depositors,

·        E4nhance public confidence,

·        Enhance the stability of the financial system,

·        Increase savings and encourage economic growth,

·        Enhancing more propitious bank services.

Deposit Insurance Systems (DIS) is now protecting Deposits in the Bank and insurance benefits in the unlikely event of a number of Banks. Deposit insurance is a system established by the Government of Bangladesh to protect depositors against the loss of their deposits in the event that a scheduled bank is unable to meet its obligations.

 

What considerations must be made before investing in a perpetual bond

 Before investing in a perpetual bond, there are several important considerations that investors should evaluate:

1. Issuer Creditworthiness: Assess the creditworthiness of the issuer, typically a company or government entity, to determine the likelihood of timely interest payments and the return of principal. Credit ratings from reputable rating agencies can provide guidance on the issuer's financial health and ability to meet its obligations.

2. Interest Rate Structure: Perpetual bonds often carry a fixed interest rate, but it's important to review the terms of the bond to understand the specifics. Consider whether the interest rate is competitive compared to other investment options, and evaluate the stability of the issuer's ability to meet interest payment obligations over the long term.

3. Call Option: Some perpetual bonds include a call option, allowing the issuer to redeem the bond before its maturity date. Analyze whether the issuer has the option to call the bond and the associated terms. This can affect the potential return on investment and the length of time the investor will receive interest payments.

4. Dividend Suspension: In some cases, perpetual bonds are structured as subordinated or contingent convertible bonds that can be treated as equity instruments. This means the issuer has the discretion to suspend interest payments if certain conditions are not met, such as the issuer's capital adequacy falling below a specified level. Understand the conditions under which interest payments can be suspended to assess the associated risks.

5. Yield and Risk Assessment: Consider the yield of the perpetual bond compared to other investment options with similar risk profiles. Assess the risk-reward trade-off by comparing the coupon rate or yield-to-maturity with the issuer's credit risk and market conditions. Perpetual bonds generally offer higher yields than traditional bonds due to their indefinite maturity, but they also carry higher risk.

6. Market Liquidity: Evaluate the liquidity of the perpetual bond market. Since perpetual bonds have no maturity date, their secondary market liquidity may be lower compared to bonds with defined maturity dates. Ensure that there is an active market for trading the perpetual bond in case you need to sell your investment before maturity.

7. Regulatory and Tax Considerations: Understand the applicable regulatory framework governing the issuance and trading of perpetual bonds in the relevant jurisdiction Additionally, assess any tax implications, such as withholding tax on interest payments or potential tax advantages, depending on the jurisdiction and the specific characteristics of the bond.

8. Diversification: As with any investment, consider the importance of diversification. Avoid over-concentration in any single perpetual bond or issuer, spreading investments across different asset classes, sectors, and issuers to manage risk.

 

It is advisable to consult with a financial advisor or investment professional who can provide personalized advice based on your investment objectives, risk tolerance, and specific circumstances. They can help evaluate the merits and risks of investing in perpetual bonds and guide you in making informed investment decisions

State some measures that the regulators can take to keep the deposits in banking system

 Bangladesh Bank, the central bank of Bangladesh, can take several measures to keep deposits in the banking system, some of which are:

1.     Promote financial literacy: BB can promote financial literacy among the general public to educate them about the benefits of keeping their money in banks and the risks associated with keeping cash at home or outside the banking system.

2.     Improve the safety and soundness of the banking system: BB can set and enforce strict regulatory standards for banks, including adequate capital requirements, risk management practices, and internal controls, to ensure the safety and soundness of the banking system.

3.     Introduce deposit insurance: BB can introduce deposit insurance schemes to protect depositors in case of bank failures. This can help build trust in the banking system and encourage people to keep their money in banks.

4.     Encourage digital payments: BB can promote and facilitate digital payments and transactions to make it easier and more convenient for people to use banking services. This can help reduce the use of cash and encourage people to keep their money in banks.

5.     Provide incentives: BB can provide incentives such as higher interest rates, discounts on fees, or tax incentives to encourage people to keep their money in banks. This can make it more attractive for people to save their money in banks.

6.     Strengthen consumer protection: BB can strengthen consumer protection measures to ensure that banks treat their customers fairly and transparently. This can help build trust in the banking system and encourage people to keep their money in banks.

7.     Improve financial inclusion: BB can work to improve financial inclusion by making banking services more accessible to underserved populations. This can help to bring more people into the banking system and reduce the use of cash outside of the banking system.

8.     Interest rates: Regulators can set interest rate policies that encourage people to keep their money in banks. For example, higher interest rates on deposits can make it more attractive for people to save their money in banks.

Stringent regulations: Regulators can impose stringent regulations on banks to ensure their stability and soundness. This helps to prevent bank failures and reduces the risk of losing deposits.

Eligibility for Primary Dealership as per BB Guidelines

According to the guidelines of the Bangladesh Bank, to be eligible for primary dealership in the government securities market, an institution must meet the following criteria:

1) Physical infrastructure in terms of number and geographical coverage of offices/branches for securities dealings, the extent of use of computers and information technology in settlement, record keeping and analysis of day-to-day transactions, skill and capabilities of the manpower for efficient participation in primary issues and secondary trading, and for advising and educating the investing public about investment in Government securities;

2)  Internal control system for fair conduct of business, settlement of trade and maintenance of accounts in securities transactions, risk management capabilities and arrangements;

3) The level of past engagement in primary auctions and secondary trading transactions in Treasury bills and other Government securities, on own account and on account of customers;

4)   Solvency and overall standard of the applicant's compliance with the prudential and regulatory guidelines of the BB and other relevant regulatory agencies.

5)     Others:

1.   The institution must have a minimum paid-up capital of BDT 50 crore and must have been in operation for at least three years.

2.   The institution must have experience in dealing with debt securities, money market instruments, or foreign exchange.

3. The institution must have a minimum of two qualified dealers who are trained in government securities trading.

4.  The institution must not have been involved in any fraudulent or illegal activities in the past.

5. The institution must comply with all applicable laws, regulations, and guidelines of the Bangladesh Bank.

Meeting these eligibility criteria does not guarantee that an institution will be granted primary dealership status, as the Bangladesh Bank may also consider other factors such as market conditions and the overall number of primary dealers in the market.

As per the guidelines in Circular BB, primary dealers are defined as financial institutions that are authorized by the Bangladesh Bank to participate directly in the primary auctions of government securities. The primary objectives of primary dealers in Bangladesh, as per Circular BB, are as follows:

1.     Facilitate the distribution of government securities: Primary dealers are expected to participate in government securities auctions and purchase securities on behalf of their clients or for their inventory. By doing so, they help the government to finance its budget deficits and ensure a smooth distribution of securities to the market.

2.     Provide liquidity to the market: Primary dealers are expected to maintain an active presence in the market by buying and selling government securities on a daily basis. This helps to provide liquidity to the market and ensures that investors can easily buy and sell securities at fair prices.

3.     Act as intermediaries between the government and other market participants: Primary dealers are expected to act as intermediaries between the government and other market participants, such as investors, banks, and other financial institutions. They are expected to provide market information and analysis to their clients and help them to make informed investment decisions.

4.     Support the development of the government securities market: Primary dealers are expected to support the development of the government securities market by promoting transparency, efficiency, and fairness in the market. They are expected to comply with all relevant regulations and guidelines issued by the Bangladesh Bank and other regulatory authorities.

In summary, primary dealers in Bangladesh are expected to play an important role in facilitating the distribution of government securities, providing liquidity to the market, and supporting the development of the government securities market.

Roles and responsibilities of a PD

Primary dealers, also known as primary dealer banks or government securities dealers, are financial institutions that have a direct relationship with a country's central bank or monetary authority to participate in the buying and selling of government securities.

 The roles and responsibilities of Primary Dealers in Bangladesh, as per the Bangladesh Bank circular include:

1. Participating in Auctions: Primary Dealers are required to participate in the auctions of government securities held by Bangladesh Bank on behalf of themselves and their clients. They are also responsible for submitting competitive bids and providing two-way quotes for their clients and other market participants.

2.     Providing Market Liquidity: Primary Dealers are expected to provide liquidity to the government securities market by buying and selling government securities. They are also responsible for maintaining an active market for government securities by providing competitive quotes and ensuring market depth.

3.     Assisting in Monetary Policy Implementation: Primary Dealers help Bangladesh Bank implement monetary policy by providing information and feedback on market conditions and interest rates. They are also required to participate in open market operations, where Bangladesh Bank buys or sells government securities to influence the level of liquidity in the market.

4. Advising Clients: Primary Dealers advise clients on investment strategies and provide them with information on government securities. They also provide research and analysis on the economy and financial markets to their clients.

5. Meeting Regulatory Requirements: Primary Dealers must comply with regulatory requirements such as capital adequacy, risk management, and compliance with anti-money laundering laws. They are also required to report their trading activities and holdings of government securities to Bangladesh Bank.

Overall, Primary Dealers play a crucial role in the functioning of the government securities market in Bangladesh and help the Bangladesh Bank implement monetary policy.

From an investor 's point of view, what considerations must be made before investing in a perpetual bond?

 Before investing in a perpetual bond, an investor should consider the following factors:

1. Creditworthiness of the issuer: The first consideration for any bond investment is the creditworthiness of the issuer. Investors should research the issuer's financial health and credit rating to assess the likelihood of default.

2.     Interest rate risk: Perpetual bonds typically pay a fixed rate of interest, which means they are vulnerable to interest rate risk. If interest rates rise, the bond's value will fall, and the yield will become less attractive.

3.     Liquidity risk: Perpetual bonds may have lower trading volumes and less liquidity than other bonds, which could make it difficult to buy or sell them when desired.

4.     Call provisions: Perpetual bonds may be callable, which means the issuer has the right to redeem the bonds at a specific price. Investors should consider the likelihood of the issuer exercising the call option and how that could affect their investment.

5.     Tax implications: Perpetual bonds may have different tax implications than other investments, and investors should consult a tax professional before making any investment decisions.

6.     Yield to call and yield to maturity: Investors should compare the yield to call and yield to maturity of the perpetual bond to determine the potential return on investment.

7.     Market conditions: Investors should consider current market conditions and economic outlook when making investment decisions.

Overall, investors should carefully evaluate the risks and potential returns of a perpetual bond before investing. A financial advisor can provide valuable guidance and help investors determine if a perpetual bond is a suitable investment for their portfolio.

How to determine Bond Pricing with examples. Or "The price of a Bond depends on several factors and inherent characteristics."-

 Bond pricing refers to the process of calculating the fair value of a bond based on its characteristics, such as its coupon rate, maturity, and market interest rates. Here are the steps to determine bond pricing:

 1.     Determine the bond's face value: The face value is the amount the bond will be worth when it matures. It is also called the par value. For example, if a bond has a face value of $1,000, this means that the issuer will repay $1,000 to the bondholder when the bond matures. 

2.     Determine the coupon rate: The coupon rate is the interest rate that the issuer pays to the bondholder annually, expressed as a percentage of the face value. For example, if a bond has a face value of $1,000 and a coupon rate of 5%, the issuer will pay $50 in interest to the bondholder every year. 

3.     Determine the maturity date:  The maturity date is the date on which the bond will mature and the issuer will repay the face value to the bondholder. For example, if a bond has a maturity date of 10 years from now, the bondholder will receive the face value of the bond 10 years from now. 

4.     Determine the market interest rate: The market interest rate is the rate of return that investors expect to receive from other similar bonds in the market. This rate can be obtained by looking at the yields of other bonds with similar characteristics. For example, if other similar bonds are yielding 6%, this is the market interest rate.

5.     Calculate the present value of the bond: The present value of the bond is the fair value of the bond at the present time. It can be calculated using the formula:

                     PV=(C/r) x [1-(1/(1+r)^n)]+(F/(1+r)^n)

                    where: PV present value C annual coupon payment r = market interest       rate (also called the discount rate or yield) n = number of years until maturity F = face value

 For example, if a bond has a face value of $1,000, a coupon rate of 5%, a maturity date of 10 years, and the market interest rate is 6%, the present value of the bond would be: PV=(50/0.06) x [1-(1/(1+0.06)^10)]+(1000/(1+0.06)^10) = $891.98 This means that the fair value of the bond at the $891.98

 In summary, bond pricing involves calculating the present value of a bond based on its characteristics and the market interest rate. This value represents the fair value of the bond at present.

What are the salient features mentioned in the guidelines for investment in Treasury Bills and Treasury Bonds

 The specific salient features mentioned in the guidelines for investment in Treasury Bills and Treasury Bonds may vary depending on the jurisdiction and regulatory framework in place.

However, some common features typically addressed in such guidelines include:

1.     Eligibility Criteria: The guidelines specify the eligibility criteria for entities or individuals that are permitted to invest in Treasury Bills and Treasury Bonds. This may include requirements such as being a licensed financial institution, meeting certain capital adequacy standards, or being a resident of the country.

2.     Investment Limits: The guidelines typically outline the maximum investment limits that apply to Treasury Bills and Treasury Bonds. These limits can be set based on factors such as the type of investor, the size of the issuance, or the overall market conditions. Investment limits aim to promote diversification and prevent concentration of investments.

3.     Maturity and Tenor: The guidelines provide information on the maturity and tenor of Treasury Bills and Treasury Bonds. They specify the available durations of these instruments, which may range from short-term (such as 91 days) to medium or long-term (such as 5, 10, or 30 years). The maturity and tenor options provide flexibility for investors with different investment horizons.

4.     Auction Process: Guidelines often detail the auction process for the issuance of Treasury Bills and Treasury Bonds. This includes information on the frequency of auctions, the bidding process, and the settlement procedures. The guidelines may also outline the role of authorized financial institutions or primary dealers in participating in the auction process on behalf of investors.

5.     Risk Considerations: The guidelines typically highlight the risk factors associated with investing in Treasury Bills and Treasury Bonds. This may include risks related to interest rate fluctuations, credit risk, liquidity risk, and market risk. The guidelines may also emphasize the importance of investors conducting their own risk assessments and due diligence before making investment decisions.

6.     Secondary Market Trading: The guidelines may address the secondary market trading of Treasury Bills and Treasury Bonds. They may provide information on the platforms or exchanges where these instruments can be traded, the trading hours, and any specific regulations or guidelines related to secondary market transactions.

7.     Reporting and Disclosure Requirements: Guidelines often include reporting and disclosure requirements for investors in Treasury Bills and Treasury Bonds. This may include periodic reporting on holdings, interest payments received, and any relevant updates or changes in the investment terms or conditions. Disclosure requirements aim to promote transparency and provide investors with timely and accurate information.

8.     Regulatory Oversight: The guidelines specify the regulatory authority responsible for overseeing the issuance and trading of Treasury Bills and Treasury Bonds. They outline the role of the regulatory body in monitoring compliance with the guidelines, conducting inspections, and enforcing any applicable regulations or penalties for non-compliance.

It's important to note that the specific salient features mentioned in the guidelines may vary across different jurisdictions and can be subject to updates or revisions based on market conditions and regulatory changes. Therefore, investors should refer to the guidelines issued by the relevant regulatory authority in their respective jurisdictions for accurate and up-to-date information.

What are risks associated with Fixed Income?

 Fixed-income investments are typically considered to be less risky than stocks because they provide a fixed rate of return over a specified period of time. However, there are still risks associated with fixed-income investments that investors should be aware of: 

1.     Interest rate risk: Fixed-income securities are subject to interest rate risk, meaning that if interest rates rise, the value of the security will decrease. This is because newer securities with higher interest rates become more attractive to investors, causing the price of existing securities to fall.

 2.     Credit risk: Fixed-income securities are also subject to credit risk, meaning that the issuer may not be able to make interest or principal payments as promised. This risk is higher for securities issued by lower-rated entities, such as companies with a lower credit rating or municipalities with weaker finances.

 3.     Inflation risk: Fixed income securities are also subject to inflation risk, meaning that the returns earned may not keep pace with inflation. This can erode the purchasing power of the investment over time.

 4.     Liquidity risk: Some fixed income securities may be less liquid than others, meaning that they may be difficult to sell quickly without incurring significant losses. This risk is particularly high for securities issued by smaller or less well-known entities.

 5.     Call risk: Some fixed income securities are callable, meaning that the issuer can call the security back before the maturity date. This can be problematic for investors who are relying on the steady income from the security, as they may have to reinvest at a lower rate of return.

 6.     Prepayment risk: This is particularly relevant for mortgage-backed securities. If interest rates fall, homeowners may refinance their mortgages at a lower rate, resulting in the early payment of the mortgage-backed security. This can leave investors with cash that they must reinvest at a lower rate of return.

 7.     Currency risk: Fixed-income securities that are denominated in a foreign currency are also subject to currency risk, meaning that fluctuations in exchange rates can affect the returns earned by the investor.

 It is important for investors to carefully consider these risks before investing in fixed-income securities and to diversify their investments to mitigate these risks.

 

What are the reasons for the absence of an active secondary market for Fixed Income Securities in Bangladesh

 The absence of an active secondary market for Fixed Income Securities in Bangladesh can be attributed to several factors:

       i.  Weaknesses in Legal and Regulatory Regime: The legal and regulatory framework may not be robust enough to support the growth and operation of an active secondary market.

     ii. Widespread Corporate malpractice: Instances of corporate malpractice can erode trust in the market, making it less attractive for investors.

  iii. Limited Market Infrastructure: Inadequate infrastructure, including trading platforms, clearing and settlement systems, and market intermediaries, can hinder the development of an active secondary market for fixed-income securities.

  iv.  Lack of Investor Awareness: Limited awareness and understanding among investors about fixed-income securities may contribute to a lack of demand. Investors might not be fully aware of the benefits and risks associated with these instruments.

     v.  Issuer Concentration: If a significant portion of fixed-income securities is issued by a few entities (e.g. government or a small number of corporations), it can lead to concentration risk and reduce the diversity of available securities in the secondary market.

  vi. Limited Range of Instruments: A narrow range of fixed-income instruments, such as bonds or debentures, can limit the choices available to investors and may result in a less dynamic secondary market.

vii. Regulatory Barriers: Stringent regulatory requirements or lack of a conducive regulatory framework may hinder market participation. Regulatory obstacles can include restrictions on foreign participation, complex compliance procedures, or unfavorable tax treatment.

viii. Thin Investor Base: A limited number of institutional investors, such as pension funds, insurance companies, or mutual funds, may result in a thin investor base. Diversifying and expanding the investor base is essential for a vibrant secondary market.

   ix. Market Perception and Trust: If investors perceive fixed-income securities as risky or lack confidence in the transparency and integrity of the market, it can contribute to a subdued secondary market.

What are the pros and cons of a fixed income security? Or what do you understand by Fixed Income Securities? What are the advantages and disadvantages of Fixed Income Securities for investment purpose?

Fixed-income securities are a type of investment that provide a fixed stream of income to the investor in the form of interest payments. Examples of fixed income securities include government bonds, corporate bonds, and certificates of deposit (CDs). Here are some pros and cons of investing in fixed income securities:

Pros:

1. Predictable income: Fixed income securities provide a predictable stream of income to the investor in the form of interest payments. This can be useful for investors who are looking for a steady income stream.

2. Capital preservation: Fixed-income securities are generally considered to be less risky than stocks because the return is fixed and the principal is guaranteed by the issuer. This can make them a good choice for investors who are more risk-averse

3. Diversification: Investing in fixed income securities can provide diversification to an investor's portfolio, which can help to reduce overall risk.

 Cons:

1. Low returns: Fixed-income securities typically offer lower returns than other types of investments, such as stocks or real estate. This can be a disadvantage for investors who are looking for higher returns.

2. Interest rate risk: Fixed-income securities are vulnerable to changes in interest rates. If interest rates rise, the value of the fixed-income security may decline, which can result in a loss for the investor.

3. Inflation risk: Fixed-income securities are also vulnerable to inflation. If the inflation rate is higher than the interest rate on the security, the purchasing power of the income generated by the security may decline over time.